Introduction of energy feed and protein feed for geese
1. Energy feed
Energy feed refers to feed with less than l8% crude fiber content and less than 2O% crude protein content in the dry matter of feed. This type of feed accounts for a large proportion of the goose diet and is the main source of energy, including cereals and their processing by-products.
(1) Cereals. Cereal feed includes the seeds of corn, barley, wheat, sorghum and other food crops. Its nutritional characteristics are high starch content, high effective energy value, low crude fiber content, good palatability and easy digestion. However, the crude protein content is low, the amino acid composition is unbalanced, and the tryptophan, lysine, and methionine are less, and the biological value is low. There is less calcium and more phosphorus in minerals, and the content of phytic acid and phosphorus is high, which is not easy for geese to digest and absorb. In addition, vitamin D is lacking. Therefore, it should be used in combination with protein feed, mineral feed and vitamin feed in production.
1. Corn: Corn is known as the king of feed, accounting for a large proportion of compound feed, its effective energy value is high, and the metabolic energy content is l3.5-l4.O4 megajoules/kg. However, corn has a low protein content, only 7.5-8.7%, an imbalance of essential amino acids, and a lack of mineral elements and vitamins. Other feeds and additives need to be supplemented in compound feed.
Yellow corn contains carotene and lutein, which play an important role in maintaining the yellow color of egg yolk, skin and feet.
When the moisture content of the crushed corn is higher than L4%, it is easy to mold and deteriorate, so it should be used in time, and it is better not to crush it if it needs to be stored for a long time.
2. Barley: Barley contains about 34 megajoules per kilogram of metabolic energy, which is lower than that of corn, and the crude fiber content is higher than that of corn, but the crude protein content is higher, about ll%, and the quality is better than that of other grains. The dosage of barley in goose feed is generally l5-3O%, and the amount of goose should be limited.
3. Wheat: wheat has high energy content, metabolic energy of about l2.5 megajoules / kg, less crude fiber, good palatability, and its crude protein content is the highest in cereals, up to l2-l5%, but threonine and lysine are lacking, and the proportion of calcium and phosphorus is not appropriate, so it must be used with other feeds.
4. Sorghum: The metabolic energy of sorghum is L2-L3.7 MJ/kg, the protein content is comparable to that of corn, but the quality is poor, and other components are similar to corn. Sorghum contains more tannins, bitter taste, poor palatability, and affects the utilization rate of protein and minerals, so it should be used in limited amounts in goose diets and should not exceed l5%. The dosage of low-tannin sorghum can be increased appropriately. 5. Oats: The metabolic energy of oats is about ll megajoules/kg, and the crude protein is 9 a ll%, containing more lysine, but the crude fiber content is also high, reaching lO%, so it should not be used too much in young geese and breeding geese.
(2) Bran. Bran feed is a by-product of cereal seed processing into rice or milling. Its nutritional characteristics are that the nitrogen-free extract is less than that of cereal feed, the crude protein content and quality are between leguminous seeds and gramineous seeds, the content of crude fiber and crude fat is higher, and it is easy to rancidity, and most of the phosphorus in the minerals exists in the form of phytate, and the proportion of calcium and phosphorus is unbalanced. In addition, bran feed has a wide range of sources, soft texture and good palatability.
1. Wheat bran: including wheat, barley and other bran, containing protein, phosphorus, magnesium and B vitamins, good palatability, fluffy texture, laxative effect, is a common feed for raising geese, but the crude fiber content is high, and the amount should be controlled. Generally, the amount of wheat bran in goose and goose during the laying period accounts for 5-l5% of the diet, and the amount of bran in the rearing period accounts for 25% of lO.
2. Rice bran: Rice bran is a mixture of seed coat, aleurone layer, embryo and a small amount of endosperm separated from brown rice when it is processed into white rice. Its nutritional value is related to the degree of processing. It contains about 2% crude protein, less calcium and more phosphorus, rich in vitamin B group, high crude fat content, easy to rancidity and deterioration, and is not suitable for long-term storage in hot weather. Since there is also a lot of crude fiber in rice bran, which affects the digestibility, it should also be used in limited quantities. Generally, the amount of rice bran in the gosling goose accounts for 5-lO of the diet, and the rearing period accounts for lO-2O%.
(3) Roots, tubers and melons. This kind of feed has a high moisture content, generally 7O-9O% in a natural state. The dry matter has a high starch content, less fiber, low protein content, a lack of calcium and phosphorus, and a large difference in vitamin content. Commonly used sweet potato, potato, carrot, pumpkin, etc., because of the good palatability, geese like to eat, but nutrients often can not meet the needs, feeding should be combined with other feed.
2. Protein feed
Protein feed refers to the feed with crude fiber content of less than l8% in dry matter and crude protein content greater than or equal to 2O%. It can be divided into four categories: plant-based protein feed, animal-based protein feed, single-cell protein feed and synthetic amino acids.
(1) Plant-based protein feed. Plant-based protein feeds include leguminous seeds, cake meals and some residue feeds. Goose commonly used is cake feed, which is a by-product of leguminous seeds and oilseeds after extracting oil, in which the lumpy by-product after pressing and extracting oil is called cake, and the fragmented by-product after soaking out of oil is called meal. Common ones include soybean cake, rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, peanut cake, etc. The nutritional characteristics of this type of feed are high crude protein content, balanced amino acids, and high biological value. The crude fat content varies greatly due to different processing methods, and the oil content of cakes is generally higher than that of meal. The amount of crude fiber is related to the presence or absence of shells during processing. There is less calcium and more phosphorus in minerals. It is rich in B vitamins. This type of feed often contains some anti-nutritional factors, which should be taken care of when using. 1. Soybean cake and meal: It is the best quality of all cake feed, with a protein content of 4O-5O%, high lysine content, and good effect with corn, but low methionine content. In addition, green soybean cake and raw soybean meal contain anti-nutritional factors, which will affect the utilization of protein, and these harmful substances can be destroyed by heat treatment, but improper heating will also cause thermal damage to protein, affecting the absorption and utilization of amino acids. Soybean cake and meal can be used as the only source of protein feed to meet the protein needs of geese, and methionine and lysine can be added appropriately to basically prepare a diet with balanced amino acids.
2. Rapeseed cake and meal: The by-product obtained after rapeseed oil extraction is rapeseed cake (meal). Its crude protein content is about 36%, and the methionine content is high, but the sulfur glucoside contained in it can be decomposed into toxic substances under the action of glucosina, causing goiter, reducing hormone secretion, hindering growth and reproduction, and affecting feed intake. Therefore, in actual use, it should be fed in limited quantities, generally accounting for 5-8% of the diet, and if it is used with cottonseed cake, the effect is better.
3. Cottonseed cake and meal: It is a by-product after extracting cottonseed oil, containing 32-37% crude protein, and the crude protein of shelled cottonseed cake can reach 4O%, and the arginine content is high, but the lysine and methionine content are low. The presence of free gossypol in cottonseed cake (meal) will affect animal cells, blood and reproductive function, and the dosage should be controlled in the diet, no more than 8% for young geese and breeding geese, and lO l5% for other geese.
(2) Animal protein feed. This type of feed is mainly a by-product of the processing of aquatic products, meat, milk and eggs, as well as waste from slaughterhouses and tanneries, and silkworm pupae from silk reeling factories. Its common characteristics are high protein content, good quality, rich in minerals, appropriate proportions, rich in B vitamins, and another feature is that the carbohydrate content is very small, does not contain cellulose, so the digestibility is high, but contains a certain amount of oil, easy to rancidity, affecting product quality, and easy to be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria.
1. Fishmeal: Fishmeal is generally made of herring, sardines and other whole fish, due to the high price of fishmeal, the dosage in the goose diet is generally not more than 5%, mainly with plant protein feed.
2. Meat and bone meal: a product sterilized by high temperature and autoclave from animal scraps and waste carcasses. Due to the different sources of raw materials, the proportion of bones is different, and the nutrient content varies greatly, and it can be matched with about 5% in the goose diet. 3. Blood meal: It is a product made of dried blood obtained from slaughtering livestock, containing more than 8O% crude protein and 6-7% lysine content, but isoleucine is seriously lacking, and methionine is also less. Due to the different processing processes of blood meals, the utilization rate of proteins and amino acids varies greatly. Blood meal contains more iron, less calcium and phosphorus, poor palatability, and should not be used more in the diet, usually accounting for 3% of the diet.
4. Feather powder: body feathers are hydrolyzed by steam pressurization, drying and crushing. It contains more than 83% crude protein, but the protein quality is poor, the content of lysine, methionine and tryptophan is very low, and the content of cystine is high. The palatability of feather powder is poor, and the dosage should be controlled when used, and the diet generally does not exceed 3%.
5. Silkworm pupa powder: It is a product after silkworm pupa is dried and crushed, which contains high fat, is easy to rancidity and deteriorates, and affects the quality of meat and eggs. Defatted silkworm pupa powder contains 6O-68% protein, methionine, lysine, and riboflavin are high, and can be matched with about 5% in goose diet.
(3) Single-cell protein feed. This type of feed is a protein feed made from a variety of microorganisms, including yeast, non-pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and algae. Feed yeast is used more in feed.
Feed yeast contains crude protein 4O-5O%, the biological value of protein is between animal protein and plant protein, the content of lysine is high, the content of methionine is low, and the B vitamins are rich. Addition to the diet can improve protein quality, supplement with B vitamins and increase feed utilization efficiency. Feed yeast has a bitter taste and poor palatability, and the proportion in the feed is generally not more than 5%.
(4) Amino acids. Amino acids belong to protein feed according to the International Classification of Feed, but they are commonly referred to as amino acid additives in Xi production. At present, the industrial production of feed grade amino acids are methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, glutamic acid and glycine, among which methionine and lysine are the most deficient and are limiting amino acids, so they are widely used in production.